Table 2 Association among dependent (loneliness) and independent variables

1. Sociodemographic Variables

Age

Chi² = 65.90

< 0.0001

V = 0.18

Sex

Chi² = 80.39

< 0.0001

V = 0.20

Level of studies

Chi² = 46.17

< 0.001

V = 0.15

Living alone

Chi² = 100.99

< 0.001

V = 0.22

Social work class

Chi² = 15.10

< 0.002

V = 0.09

2. Cognitive Performance

Memory problems affect your daily life

Chi² = 6.84

0.009

V = 0.19

Have you seen a doctor about this?

Chi² = 1.05

0.305

V = 0.07

Memory complaints

Chi² = 13.30

< 0.001

V = 0.11

Temporal Orientation

F = 6.83

< 0.01

Eta² = 0.007

3. Mental Health

General Mental Health (GHQ 0–12)

F = 452.03

< 0.001

Eta² = 0.18

Depression

Chi² = 167.38

< 0.001

V = 0.29

Chronic Anxiety

Chi² = 91.98

< 0.001

V = 0.21

Quality of sleep

Chi² = 22.09

< 0.001

V = 0.15

4. Quality of life health related and Disease

Quality of life health related (COOP-Wonca)

F = 285.20

< 0.001

Eta² = 0.12

Multimorbidity (0–11)

Chi² = 29.81

< 0.001

V = 0.12

Difficulties in seeing

Chi² = 45.56

< 0.001

V = 0.15

Difficulties in hearing

Chi² = 18.68

< 0.001

V = 0.10

Pain (general)

Chi² = 66.78

< 0.001

V = 0.18

Taking opioids (last two weeks)

Chi² = 26.60

< 0.001

V = 0.11

Arthritis/arthrosis

Chi² = 48.76

< 0.001

V = 0.15

High cholesterol

Chi² = 3.24

0.072

V = 0.04

Hypertension

Chi² = 9.08

0.003

V = 0.07

5. Deficiency situations

Has health problems that prevent him/her from taking care of him/herself

Chi² = 11.27

< 0.001

V = 0.23

Feel that no one is concerned about one’s self

Chi² = 45.94

< 0.001

V = 0.15

Having no one to turn to for help

Chi² = 58.45

< 0.001

V = 0.17

Do not eat hot food more than two days a week

Chi² = 42.53

< 0.001

V = 0.14

Barber Questionnaire

F = 253.66

< 0.001

V = 0.11

6. Life Habits

Physical activity you can do

Chi² = 87.73

< 0.001

V = 0.21

Take time to care of oneself and feel good

Chi² = 37.18

< 0.001

V = 0.14

Frequency of alcohol consumption

Chi² = 17.91

< 0.001

V = 0.09

Smoking

Chi² = 3.99

0.262

V = 0.04

Having someone who cares about the older person

Chi² = 64.02

< 0.001

V = 0.18

Having animals at home (pets)

Chi² = 0.53

0.467

V = 0.02