Table 2 Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient matrix of each variable in Study 2(n = 133)

1.Instant Social Media Upward Comparison

0.76 ± 1.89

2.Sense of Agency

5.44 ± 1.39

0.09

3.Positive Emotion

6.27 ± 3.17

0.39**

0.21*

4.Negative Emotion

6.35 ± 4.19

-0.52**

-0.03

-0.62**

5.Learning Engagement

2.93 ± 1.61

-0.10

0.10

0.42**

-0.39**

6.Growth Mind

21.09 ± 7.11

-0.13

0.11

0.34**

-0.17*

0.67**