Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the research variables
High segmentation | Low segmentation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Audio | Visual | redundancy | Audio | Visual | redundancy | |||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Prior knowledge | 7.16 | 0.8 | 7.70 | 1 | 7.30 | 0.80 | 7.2 | 0.8 | 7.7 | 0.80 | 7.56 | 1 |
Mental effort | 5.30 | 1.2 | 3.46 | 0.7 | 2.53 | 1 | 5.6 | 0.70 | 4.54 | 0.95 | 5.1 | 1 |
Mental difficulty | 4.7 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 0.6 | 2.26 | 0.70 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 3.75 | 0.90 | 4.65 | 1.1 |
Reading comprehension | 8.30 | 0.90 | 12.1 | 0.90 | 13.2 | 1 | 7.9 | 0.91 | 10.14 | 1.53 | 9.70 | 1.6 |
Vocabulary learning | 9.90 | 1.12 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 9 | 1.5 | 11.50 | 1.1 | 11.20 | 1 |