Table 1 Psychosocial studies on suicidal behaviour in patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders and psychosis

Barrowclough et al., 2010 (UK)

Integrated motivational interviewing and CBT plus TAU (n=164)

TAU (n=163)

Out-patients (>16 yrs) with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder and dependence on or misuse of drugs, alcohol or both

F2F

IND

12 mo

12/24 mo

Deliberate self-harm

Non-significant increase in self-harm in the intervention-group.

12 mo O.R.: 1.38 (0.65–2.96), P=.40; 24 mo O.R.: 1.48 (0.56–3.91), P=.43

3

Bateman et al., 2007 (UK)

CBT + MED (n=46)

Attention control + MED(n=44)

Out-patients (16–60 yrs) with chronic schizophrenia

F2F

IND

9 mo

9 mo/ 18 mo

Suicidal ideation (CPRS)

No suicides. Significant reductions in suicidal ideation at post-test and follow-up for CBT

n.a.

1

Cunningham Owens et al., 2001 (Scotland)

Educational intervention (n=61)

TAU (n=53)

Schizophrenic out-patients (16–64 yrs)

Video and booklets

IND

1 session

Follow up: 12 mo

Suicidal ideation (MADRS)

No suicides. Suicidal ideation increased (P<.001)

n.a.

2

Färdig et al., 2011 (Sweden)

IMR (n=21)

TAU (n=20)

Out-patient schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

F2F/ Power-point

Group

9 mo

9 mo/ 21 mo

Suicidal ideation (PECC)

Significant decrease in suicidal ideation at follow-up

PT: O.R.: 0.81 (0.28–2.33), P=0.69 FU: O.R.: 0.13 (0.04–0.41), P<.001

2

Grawe et al., 2006 (Norway)

IT (n=30)

TAU (n=20)

Out-patients (18–35 yrs) with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder

F2F

IND

24 mo

Post-test: 24 mo

Suicidal behaviour (attempts and suicide)

No suicides. Non-significant decrease on suicidal behaviour in intervention group.

O.R.: 0.95 (0.33–2.73), P=0.92

3

Nordentoft et al., 2002 (Denmark)

IT (n=156)

TAU (n=148)

In- and out-patients (18–65 yrs) with schizophrenia, schizotypical disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, acute or transient psychosis, induced psychosis or unspecific non-organic psychosis

F2F

IND

24 mo

Follow up: 12 mo

Tedium vitae, suicidal thoughts, -plans-, attempts (EPSIS II)

One suicide in the intervention group and one suicide or accident in the TAU group. No significant differences for suicidal behaviour

Thoughts: O.R.: 1.13 (0.54–2.35), P=.74. Plans: O.R.: 0.77 (0.30–1.98), P=.58. Attempts: O.R.: 0.95 (0.40–2.25), P=.91

2

Peters et al., 2010 (UK)

CBT (n=36)

TAU (n=38)

Out-patients (18–65 yrs) with ≥1 distressing and persistent positive symptom of psychosis

F2F

IND

6 mo

6 mo/9 mo

Suicidal Ideation (BSI)

No suicides. Significant reduction in being suicidal at 6 mo (but not at 9 mo)

6 mo O.R.:0.09 (0.02–0.53), P=.008; 9 mo O.R.:0.32 (0.07–1.6), P=.16

2

Power et al., 2003 (Australia)

Cognitive therapy plus TAU (n=31)

TAU (n=25)

Suicidal first episode psychosis out-patients (15–29 yrs)

F2F

IND

10 weeks

10 weeks/ 6 mo

Suicidal ideation (SIQ)

Two participants (one in each group) committed suicide. Significant greater average improvement on suicidal ideation in exp. group

PT O.R.: 0.29 (0.10–0.87), P=0.03

1

Tarrier et al., 2006 (UK)

CBT+TAU (n=101) and SC+TAU (n=106)

TAU (n=102)

In- or daypatients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder or psychosis NOS

F2F

IND

5 weeks

6 we/ 18 mo

Suicide and suicidal behaviour (self-harm, thoughts, attempts) (HoNOS)

Two suicides in the SC, one in CBT. Non- significant reduction in suicidal behaviour

6 we: CBT O.R.: 0.67 (.107–4.136) P=.66, SC: O.R.: 0.95 (.185–4.903), P=.9 18 mo: CBT: O.R.: 0.359 (.067–1.919) P=.23. SC: O.R.: 1.033 (0.301–3.55) P=.96

3

Turkington et al., 2002 (UK)

CBT + MED (n=257)

TAU + MED (n=165)

Out-patients (18–65 yrs) with schizophrenia

F2F + booklets

IND

2/3 mo

9 mo

Suicidal ideation (CPRS)

One suicide in TAU. Non-significant increase on the CPRS suicidal ideation score.

PT O.R.:1.72 (0.78–3.82), P=.20

2