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Table 2 Association between independent variables and incident loneliness, HART (2015–2017)

From: Prevalence and associated factors of incident and persistent loneliness among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand

Baseline variables

Subcategory

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Age (in years)

45–64

≥ 65 or more

1 (Reference)

1.58 (1.32 to 1.89)***

1 (Reference)

1.16 (0.93 to 1.45)

Sex

Female

Male

1 (Reference)

0.82 (0.68 to 0.97)*

1 (Reference)

0.98 (0.79 to 1.23)

Education

≤Elementary

>Elementary

1 (Reference)

0.62 (0.47 to 0.80)***

1 (Reference)

0.74 (0.55 to 0.98)*

Annual income

High

Low

1 (Reference)

1.61 (1.35 to 1.92)***

1 (Reference)

1.27 (1.03 to 1.57)*

Marital status

Married/cohabiting

Divorced/sep./never married

Widowed

1 (Reference)

1.16 (0.84 to 1.60)

1.48 (1.21 to 1.80)***

1 (Reference)

1.07 (0.75 to 1.51)

1.13 (0.89 to 1.43)

Religion

Muslim or other

Buddhist

1 (Reference)

1.20 (0.83 to 1.75)

---

Region

Central

North

Northeast

South

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.76 to 1.17)

0.93 (0.72 to 1.19

0.49 (0.36 to 0.66)***

1 (Reference)

0.88 (0.70 to 1.12)

0.97 (0.74 to 1.27)

0.43 (0.30 to 0.61)***

Social participation

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

0.74 (0.62 to 0.90)**

1 (Reference)

0.96 (0.67 to 1.40)

Alcohol use

Never

Past

Current

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.75 to 1.48)

0.72 (0.54 to 0.96)*

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.64 to 1.41)

0.86 (0.62 to 1.20)

Smoking tobacco use

Never

Past

Current

1 (Reference)

0.86 (0.61 to 1.21)

0.86 (0.66 to 1.14)

---

Physical activity

≥ 150 min/week

< 150 min/week

1 (Reference)

1.16 (0.91 to 1.47)

---

Body mass index

Normal

Under

Overweight

Obesity

1 (Reference)

1.24 (0.91 to 1.70)

0.86 (0.67 to 1.11)

0.87 (0.69 to 1.09)

---

Activities of Daily Living disability

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

2.15 (1.19 to 3.88)*

1 (Reference)

1.51 (0.78 to 2.91)

Accident

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.60 (1.17 to 2.19)**

1 (Reference)

1.22 (0.92 to 1.63)

Fall worry refrain from social activities

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.60 (1.12 to 2.29)*

1 (Reference)

1.12 (0.75 to 1.87)

Self-rated physical health status

High

Low

1 (Reference)

2.01 (1.60 to 2.52)***

1 (Reference)

1.64 (1.27 to 2.12)***

Depressive symptoms

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

2.36 (1.36 to 4.08)**

1 (Reference)

1.97 (1.11 to 3.49)*

Chronic conditions

   

Cardiovascular disease

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.47 (1.02 to 2.12)*

1 (Reference)

0.99 (0.65 to 1.50)

Hypertension

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.65 (1.37 to 1.97)***

1 (Reference)

1.34 (1.09 to 1.65)**

Endocrine (diabetes)

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.24 (0.98 to 1.58)

---

Musculoskeletal

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.82 (1.32 to 2.51)***

1 (Reference)

1.61 (1.12 to 2.30)

Liver or kidney diseases

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

0.97 (0.52 to 1.81)

---

Respiratory

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.00 (0.40 to 2.45)

---

Cancer

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.65 (0.67 to 4.05)

---

Sensorial

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

1.32 (1.03 to 1.68)*

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.79 to 1.40)

Neurological

No

Yes

1 (Reference)

2.75 (1.02 to 7.41)*

1 (Reference)

1.60 (0.48 to 5.39)

Number of chronic conditions

   

Chronic conditions

0

1

2

3 or more

1 (Reference)

1.48 (1.20 to 1.83)***

1.76 (1.37 to 2.26)***

2.28 (1.62 to 3.19)***

1 (Reference)a

1.28 (1.02 to 1.61)*

1.40 (1.06 to 1.85)*

1.76 (1.19 to 2.60)**

  1. Sep.= separated; COR = Crude Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; ***p < 0.001;**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; aadjusted for all variables except for individual chronic conditions