Emotion regulation and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression in children aged 8–12 years: does parental gender play a differentiating role?

Table 4 Hierarchical multiple regression analysis, Depression (SMFQ)

Children’s self-reports on child depression symptoms as dependent, mothers’ reports on control and independent variables (n = 534)
Variables	β (CI)	t	Part²	Total R²	∆ R ²
Step 1				4.50%	5.60%
Age (child)	0.12 (0.20, 1.10)	2.84**
Gender (child)	0.08 (−0.09, 1.56)	1.76
Economy (family)	0.05 (−0.16, 0.58)	1.14
Maternal Education	−0.04 (− 0.64, 0.26)	−0.84
Stress (EASQ)	0.16 (0.20, 0.75)	3.43***
Maternal psychiatric health (HSCL)	0.06 (−0.03, 0.16)	1.34
Step 2				6.00%	1.80%
Age (child)	0.12 (0.20, 1.09)	2.82**
Gender (child)	0.09 (0.03, 1.68)	2.03*
Economy (family)	0.06 (−0.14, 0.59)	1.20
Maternal Education	−0.02 (− 0.56, 0.33)	−0.51
Stress (EASQ)	0.13 (0.10, 0.65)	2.67**
Maternal psychiatric health (HSCL)	0.01 (−0.09, 0.12)	0.31
ERC Liability/Negativity (L/N)	0.12 (0.01, 0.18)	2.28*	0.92%
ERC Emotion regulation (ER)	−0.05 (−0.22, 0.08)	−0.97	0.18%

All scores are sum-score. ERC L/N high scores indicate poor regulation skills. ERC ER high scores indicate good regulation skills
SMFQ Mood and Feeling Questionnaire – short form, ERC Emotion regulation checklist, HSCL The Hopkin‘s symptom check list, EASQ Early Adolescence Stress Questionnaire
*p = < 0.05. **p = < 0.01. ***p = < 0.001

ISSN: 2050-7283