Table 1 Sample description stratified by language and ethnicity
From: Cross-cultural validation of the German and Turkish versions of the PHQ-9: an IRT approach
G-G (n = 1670) | T-G (n = 191) | T-T (n = 116) | Total (n = 1977) | Test statistic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 43.7 (12.7) | 32.6 (9.9) | 43.7 (11.1) | 42.6 (12.8) | F(2) = 70.2*** |
Female sex, n (%) | 930 (55.7) | 109 (57.4) | 71 (61.2) | 1110 (56.2) | X2(2) = 1.5* |
Education ≥9 years, n (%)a | 1638 (98.2) | 181 (96.3) | 94 (82.4) | 1913 (97.1) | X2(2) = 157.8*** |
Being employed, n (%)b | 1037 (62.1) | 118 (62.4) | 54 (46.6) | 1209 (61.2) | X2(2) = 11.1** |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
Being in inpatient treatment, n (%) | 49 (2.9) | 9 (4.7) | 66 (56.9) | 124 (6.3) | X2(2) = 538.1*** |
PHQ-9 total score, mean (SD) | 2.6 (3.9) | 7.2 (6.3) | 13.6 (7.3) | 3.7 (5.3) | F(2) = 397.5*** |
Depression severity as defined by the PHQ-9 | |||||
None (0–4), n (%) | 1360 (81.4) | 73 (38.2) | 12 (10.3) | 1530 (77.4) | X2(2) = 409.4*** |
Mild (5–9), n (%) | 210 (12.6) | 64 (33.5) | 33 (28.4) | 222 (11.2) | X2(2) = 72.9*** |
Moderate (10–14), n (%) | 62 (3.7) | 31 (16.2) | 17 (14.7) | 162 (8.2) | X2(2) = 168.4*** |
Severe (≥15), n (%) | 38 (2.3) | 23 (12.0) | 54 (46.6) | 63 (3.2) | X2(2) = 256.0*** |
Migration-related characteristics | |||||
Years since immigration, mean (SD)c | – | 28.0 (11.1) | 26.1 (10.9) | 26.9 (11.0) | F(1) = 1.7* |
Second generation, n (%)d | – | 117 (61.6) | 12 (10.3) | 129 (42.2) | X2(1) = 76.8*** |
Mother tongue = German, n (%) | – | 32 (16.8) | 7 (6.0) | 39 (12.7) | X2(1) = 7.5** |
German language proficiency, mean (SD)e | – | 1.4 (0.7) | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | F(1) = 165.8*** |