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Table 3 Associations of health behaviours in childhood with number of health care provider contacts with a primary diagnosis of an internalizing disorder in adolescence among participants of the Children’s Lifestyle and School Performance Study, Nova Scotia, Canada

From: The importance of health behaviours in childhood for the development of internalizing disorders during adolescence

Variable

Univariable Model

Multivariable Model 1

Multivariable Model 2

IRR (95% CI)

IRR (95% CI)

IRR (95% CI)

DQI-I variety

 Lowest tertile

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Middle tertile

0.81 (0.66, 1.01)

0.75 (0.58, 0.98)

0.77 (0.60, 0.99)

 Highest tertile

0.93 (0.72, 1.20)

0.84 (0.60, 1.19)

0.84 (0.59, 1.18)

DQI-I moderation

 Lowest tertile

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Middle tertile

1.02 (0.82, 1.28)

0.98 (0.72, 1.32)

0.97 (0.71, 1.34)

 Highest tertile

1.15 (0.89, 1.48)

1.10 (0.77, 1.57)

1.10 (0.76, 1.58)

DQI-I adequacy

 Lowest tertile

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Middle tertile

1.04 (0.82, 1.31)

1.22 (0.90, 1.65)

1.31 (0.95, 1.80)

 Highest tertile

1.04 (0.81, 1.33)

1.19 (0.79, 1.78)

1.26 (0.83, 1.91)

DQI-I balance

   

 Poor balance (score < 1)

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Good balance (score ≥ 1)

1.04 (0.86, 1.27)

0.94 (0.76, 1.17)

0.91 (0.73, 1.13)

DQI-I overall

   

 Lowest tertile

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Middle tertile

0.89 (0.70, 1.14)

0.92 (0.73, 1.17)

0.97 (0.77, 1.23)

 Highest tertile

1.02 (0.81, 1.29)

1.17 (0.79, 1.73)

1.21 (0.83, 1.76)

Physical activity without coach

   

 Never

1.0

1.0

1.0

 1 to 3 times/week

0.71 (0.51, 1.00)

0.69 (0.51, 0.93)

0.70 (0.51, 0.96)

  ≥ 4 times/week

0.78 (0.56, 1.07)

0.81 (0.60, 1.09)

0.83 (0.61, 1.13)

Physical activity with coach

   

 Never

1.0

1.0

1.0

 1 to 3 times/week

0.79 (0.64, 0.98)

0.87 (0.71, 1.07)

0.87 (0.71, 1.07)

  ≥ 4 times /week

0.62 (0.46, 0.85)

0.76 (0.57, 1.02)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

Use of computers or playing video games

   

 Less than 1 h/day

1.0

1.0

1.0

 1–2 h/day

1.40 (1.12, 1.74)

1.57 (1.27, 1.93)

1.56 (1.26, 1.93)

 3–4 h/day

1.15 (0.87, 1.52)

1.49 (1.12, 1.98)

1.42 (1.06, 1.91)

  ≥ 5 h/day

1.18 (0.83, 1.68)

1.78 (1.19, 2.67)

1.67 (1.10, 2.54)

Watching TV

   

 Less than 1 h/day

1.0

1.0

1.0

 1–2 h/day

0.97 (0.74, 1.27)

0.97 (0.74, 1.27)

0.98 (0.74, 1.29)

 3–4 h/day

1.04 (0.79, 1.36)

0.93 (0.71, 1.22)

0.93 (0.71, 1.23)

  ≥ 5 h/day

0.85 (0.65, 1.12)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

0.77 (0.56, 1.06)

Body weight status

   

 Normal weight

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Overweight

1.08 (0.81, 1.44)

1.07 (0.84, 1.36)

1.05 (0.83, 1.32)

 Obese

1.13 (0.73, 1.75)

0.93 (0.68, 1.28)

0.85 (0.62, 1.18)

Gender

   

 Boys

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Girls

1.62 (1.32, 1.98)

1.64 (1.36, 1.98)

1.61 (1.33, 1.96)

Household income

   

  < $20,000

1.0

1.0

1.0

 $20,001–$40,000

0.74 (0.54, 1.01)

0.76 (0.57, 1.02)

0.82 (0.61, 1.11)

 $40,001–$60,000

0.81 (0.57, 1.15)

0.81 (0.60, 1.09)

0.84 (0.62, 1.14)

  > $60,000

0.57 (0.41, 0.78)

0.54 (0.40, 0.73)

0.59 (0.43, 0.79)

Parental education

   

 Secondary school or less

1.0

1.0

1.0

 College

0.80 (0.63, 1.02)

0.87 (0.70, 1.08)

0.84 (0.68, 1.05)

 University or above

0.81 (0.63, 1.05)

0.94 (0.73, 1.20)

0.98 (0.76, 1.27)

Residence

   

 Rural

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Urban

1.44 (1.17, 1.76)

1.65 (1.37, 1.99)

1.73 (1.43, 2.1)

Self-esteem (Low vs. high self-esteem)

   

 Self-perception

1.24 (1.01, 1.52)

 

1.19 (0.98, 1.43)

 Externalizing problems

0.95 (0.76, 1.19)

 

1.02 (0.81, 1.27)

 Internalizing problems

1.29 (1.05, 1.59)

 

1.26 (1.05, 1.51)

 Social-perception

1.35 (1.10, 1.67)

 

1.39 (1.15, 1.69)

  1. IRR Incidence rate ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval; Model 1: IRR’s are mutually adjusted for all variables in the table and for energy intake but not for the self-esteem variables; Model 2: IRR’s are mutually adjusted for all variables in the table, including the self-esteem variables, and for energy intake. Estimates are weighted to represent grade five students in Nova Scotia. Bold values for IRRs and 95% CIs indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)