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Table 5 LMMs testing the effect of experimental factors on ratings of cry gender

From: Sex stereotypes influence adults’ perception of babies’ cries

Source

df 1 , df 2

F

p

a. Masculinity rating of natural cries

 Intercept

1, 712.7

186.18

<0.0005

 P. sex

1, 712.7

0.068

0.795

 Pitch

1, 688

63.94

<0.0005

 P. sex * Pitch

1, 688

0.31

0.577

b. Masculinity rating of re-synthesised cries

 Intercept

1, 28

2438.57

<0.0005

 P. sex

1, 28

2.96

0.096

 Pitch

4, 2872

182.02

<0.0005

 P. sex * Pitch

4, 2872

6.18

<0.0005

c. Femininity rating of natural cries

 Intercept

1, 908

0.86

0.355

 P. sex

1, 908

1.47

0.226

 Pitch

1, 872.8

87.18

<0.0005

 P. sex * Pitch

1, 872.8

1.68

0.196

d. Femininity rating of re-synthesised cries

 Intercept

1, 34.8

3882.55

<0.0005

 P. sex

1, 34.8

0.18

0.676

 Pitch

1, 3669

468.42

<0.0005

 P. sex * Pitch

1, 3669

0.80

0.528

  1. Linear mixed models (LMM) testing the (main and interaction) effects of participant sex (P. sex) and cry mean F0 (Pitch) on participants’ ratings of masculinity in cries presented as belonging to boys and femininity in cries presented as belonging to girls (both rated along a 7 point Likert scale). Natural cries: LMM includes participant identity as subject variable, and actual baby’s sex as a random factor. Re-synthesised cries: LMM includes participant identity as subject variable, and baby identity (actual baby’s sex) as nested random factors