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Table 4 Effect of acoustic variables on sex identification for natural and re-synthesised cries

From: Sex stereotypes influence adults’ perception of babies’ cries

Source

df 1 , df 2

F

p

a. Rating of natural cries

 Intercept

15, 1179

6.18

<0.0005

 %voiced

1, 1179

1.27

0.260

 Pitch (=mean F0)

1, 1179

30.03

<0.0005

 maxF0

1, 1179

0.99

0.320

 minF0

1, 1179

0.04

0.838

 Inflex25

1, 1179

3.27

0.071

 Inflex2

1, 1179

2.57

0.109

 F0CV

1, 1179

2.41

0.121

 INTCV

1, 1179

0.51

0.476

 harm

1, 1179

2.10

0.147

 jitter

1, 1179

2.68

0.102

 shimmer

1, 1179

4.67

0.031

 fsp1

1, 1179

3.30

0.070

 fsp2

1, 1179

1.50

0.221

 fsp3

1, 1179

1.31

0.254

 fsp4

1, 1179

0.40

0.526

b. Rating of re-synthesised cries

 Intercept

9, 3830

80.77

<0.0005

 Participant sex

1, 3830

2.63

0.105

 Pitch

4, 3830

164.69

<0.0005

 Participant sex * Pitch

4, 3830

0.80

0.528

  1. (a) Generalized Linear mixed model (GLMM) with binary logistic regression link testing the effect of all 15 acoustic variables on participants’ attribution of sex to natural babies’ cries. Participant identity is included as a subject variable, and recording session (baby’s identity (baby’s actual sex) as a nested random factor term. (b) GLMM with binary logistic regression link testing the effects (main and interactions) of Participant sex and Pitch (=mean F0) on participants’ attribution of sex to re-synthesised babies’ cries. Participant identity (tested population) is included as nested subject term, and cry exemplar (recording session (baby’s identity (baby’s actual sex) as a nested random factor term