Fig. 4

Cry pitch drives the baby’s perceived gender by adult listeners. a Red dots represent the perceived gender by adults (25 women, 5 men) listening to cries presented as originated from boys (x-axis: baby’s mean F0; y-axis: baby’s estimated gender attribution; solid line: linear fit of the estimated marginal means ± SE). Red boxplots represent the average perceived gender given by adults to each of five mean pitch re-synthesis variants presented as originated from boys (x-axis: mean F0 variant; y-axis: pitch variant’s gender attribution). b Purple dots represent the perceived gender by adults (26 women, 12 men) listening to cries presented as originated from girls (x-axis: baby’s mean F0; y-axis: baby’s estimated gender attribution; solid line: estimated marginal means ± SE). Purple boxplots represent the average perceived gender given by adults to each of five mean pitch re-synthesis variants presented as originated from girls (x-axis: mean F0 variant; y-axis: pitch variant’s gender attribution). c Interaction between adult listener sex and cry pitch on gender rating. Dots represent pitch variant’s estimated marginal mean ± SE (blue dots: adult women; brown dots: adult men; red dotted lines: linear fits of the estimated marginal means for cries presented as belonging to boys; purple dotted lines: linear fits of the estimated marginal means for cries presented as belonging to girls). * p < 0.05