General self-efficacy and posttraumatic stress after a natural disaster: a longitudinal study

BMC Psychology

Table 4 Predictions of changes in posttraumatic stress reactions (N = 617)

	Multiple analyses model 1	Multiple analyses model 2 (model 1 + GPSES)
	Change in IES-R (2 years – 6 months)	Change in IES-R (2 years – 6 months)
Fixed effects:
Intercept	0.08 (−0.23, 0.39)	0.08 (−0.23, 0.39)
Gender
Male	0.05 (−0.11, 0.20)	0.05 (−0.10, 0.20)
Female^a	0	0
Age	0.03 (−0.04, 0.11)	0.03 (−0.05, 0.11)
Exposure
Indirectly exposed	−0.14 (−0.42, 0.14)	−0.14 (−0.42, 0.14)
Exposed but not in danger	0.00 (−0.21, 0.21)	0.00 (−0.21, 0.22)
In danger^a	0	0
Perceived threat of death	0.11 (−0.00, 0.22)	0.11 (0.00, 0.22)*
Loss
No loss	−0.08 (−0.36, 0.20)	−0.08 (−0.36, 0.19)
Loss of family or close friend^a	0	0
Social support	−0.07 (−0.16, 0.02)	−0.07 (−0.15, 0.02)
IES-R at 6 months	−0.43 (−0.52,−0.33)***	−0.44 (−0.54,−0.34)***
GPSES		−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)
Explained variance:
Between households	15.9 %	14.5 %
Between individuals within households	10.8 %	11.3 %
Total explained variance	12.0 %	12.0 %
Model fit:
AIC (original data)	1481.02	1485.12

Multilevel linear regression analyses controlled for the effect of a mutual address based on multiple imputed data. The values are regression coefficients (95 % confidence intervals in parentheses). All continuous variables were standardized (M = 0, SD = 1) before being entered into the model as dependent or independent variables. All predictors were measured at 6 months post-tsunami
AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion, GPSES General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised
*p ≤ .05 and ***p ≤ .001
^aFemales, those who had been exposed to danger, and those who had lost family or close friends were set to have a mean of 0 in the mixed effects models

ISSN: 2050-7283